

今まさに勉強中の方
「テクスチャとマテリアルってどうちがうの?」
「PBRとか出てきたけどなにそれ?」
「3DCGって用語難しすぎる・・・・」
そんなことを考え、悩んでいる方に向けた記事になる
今回ご紹介する内容は
最近のテクスチャには色々な種類がある。
それぞれどのような効果があって、どう利用すればよいかをちゃんと理解している人は少ないかもしれない。
特に建築CG制作の現場では、それがわからなくてもさほど問題にならない。
しかし、それぞれの意味と作用を理解することによって、よりリアルなマテリアル設定が可能となる。
ここではテクスチャとマテリアルという基本的な解説から、PBRという新しいレンダリング技術の紹介をしていく。
読み終えていただければ、いままでなんとなくで済ましていたテクスチャについての疑問を解決することができるだろう。
1. テクスチャとマテリアルの違い
3DCGで建築パースを制作していると、テクスチャやマテリアルと呼ばれるものに触れる機会があるだろう。なんとなく、「同じ意味でしょ?」と理解してる人も少なくないはずだ。実はこれらは異なるものである。個々に解説していく。
1-1. テクスチャ
テクスチャとはオブジェクト表面の質感を表現するために使われる画像のことである。建築CG制作では、コンクリートや木、タイルなどが描かれた2次元画像を利用して、3Dオブジェクトの見た目を表現していくのが一般的な方法だ。そこで使われる画像すべてを総称して、「テクスチャ」と呼ぶ。
1-2. マテリアル
マテリアルとはオブジェクトを表示する方法(シェーダー)をまとめたものである。下の図を見てもらえればその関係がわかるだろう。インテリアの床にフローリングの表現を行う場合をまとめてみた。

フローリング画像(テクスチャ)を利用し、素材の見た目や質感・凸凹を設定して(マテリアル)、オブジェクトに適用するのが3DCGの一般的な流れである。テクスチャとマテリアルは似て非なるものというのを理解してもらえただろう。
2. PBRについて
テクスチャを検索していると「PBR」という単語を目にすることがある。「なんとなくいいやつ」のような認識の方が多いと思うが、より理解を深めることで効果的なマテリアル設定が可能になる。ここで把握しておこう。
2-1. 物理ベースレンダリング
PBRとは「Physical Based Rendering」の略で、直訳すると物理ベースレンダリングとなる。すなわち、物理的挙動に基づき、光の反射や屈折などを計測して、厳密にレンダリンする手法である。これにより、今までのCGっぽさという不自然さが軽減され、より一層リアルな表現が可能となった。
2-2. 従来のものとの違いは
以前は、ベースカラーや拡散反射・鏡面反射・環境光を見た目で調整しながら、マテリアル設定を行ってきた。3DCGソフト間の違いによる概念や、設定項目の差があり、経験値が制作物に大きな影響を与えていた。一方PBRが主流となってからは、物理現象の考え方がベースでかつ一定なので、以前に比べると容易にマテリアルの生成ができるようになっている。
3. PBRマテリアルの主要なパラメーター
PBRのマテリアルにおいては、以下の3つの項目をおさえておけば、ほぼすべての質感を表現できると言ってよいだろう。ソフトやレンダラーによって呼び方が変わるので注意は必要である。
3-1. Albedo(Color/Diffuse)
アルベドは、一番見た目に影響の大きい「色」を設定する項目である。前世代的にいうとDiffuseに当たるもの。

左画像のカラーテクスチャを、球体オブジェクトに適用した結果が上右画像になる。
3-2. Metallic & Roughness(Glossiness)
Metallicは金属か非金属かの判定項目で、反射率100%の鏡から0%のプラスティックまでの間の数値で物体の反射を設定する。Roughnessは物質表面の粗さを0~100%で表現するパラメーターである。基本、両方セットで設定を行う。

カラーにメタリックとラフネスを追加した。画像を使ってこれらを制御する場合、黒(0%)~白(100%)の描画範囲で反射や粗さが表現される。
3-3. Normal & Displacement(Height)
ここでいうノーマルは法線という意味で使われる。モデル表面に溝や凸凹などを追加するテクスチャで、実際のジオメトリであるかのように光を受けて見えるものである。Normalは疑似的な方法でディテールを追加するものであるが、Displacementは直接ジオメトリに反映させて実際に溝などを作成する強力なオプションである。建築CG制作には非常に有用なので是非利用してみてほしい。

これらの設定方法はCinema4D+CoronaRenderにて解説をしている。
4. Albedo(アルベド)について
ひととおりPBR用マテリアルを理解していただいた上で、アルベドについて説明をしておく。下の画像を見ていただきたい。

アルベドというのは、撮影した写真から影やハイライトを除いたものをいう。上の項で利用したカラー画像は、上から照らされたような影が発生しているのがわかるだろう。(上画像左)
このテクスチャが、ディスプレイスメントによって凹凸設定された状態で壁面に適用されているとする。そして真横もしくは下方向からライティングされたとしたら発生する影の方向で矛盾が生じてしまう。これはPBRの本質と異なってしまうため、右上画像のような影やハイライトを除いたアルベドマップを利用するのである。
見てわかるようにアルベドマップは平坦なため、通常よりもディプレイスメントを強めにかけたり、アンビエントオクルージョンマップを併用する場合が多い。
5. textures.comでの利用
実際にテクスチャ配布サイトを見てみよう。

以前の記事で紹介した「texture.com」では、左メニューより「3D Scans」と「PBR Materials」の2か所でPBR用のテクスチャがダウンロード可能だ。「PBR Materiar」に進み、マテリアルの球体をクリックすると詳細に進むことができる。

こちらではalbedoマップが用意されている。アンビエントオクルージョンやディスプレイスメントは必須であろう。
大きく印刷する用途でない限り、テクスチャ画像は1024×1024ピクセル程度あればたいてい問題はない。(インテリアシーンのフローリングなどで大きな面積を占める場合は2K以上用意するのが無難である)
>>「textures.com」の公式ページはこちら
6. PBRテクスチャとマテリアルの解説 まとめ
以上がPBR・テクスチャ&マテリアルについての解説である。
しくみは単純なのだが、呼び名が扱うソフトによって異なったりして、ややこしさの方も理解していただけただろう。
それぞれの意味と作用を把握していれば必ずマテリアル設定に役立つ。
そういった細かな積み重ねが作品の良し悪しに影響してくるはずなので、是非この機会に理解しておこう。
▼▼テクスチャサイトについてはこちらの記事でまとめている。
>>【建築パース素材】無料で利用できる高品質テクスチャサイト【6選】
☆この記事がお役にたちましたら、↓シェア・リツイート・ピン・ブックマークをよろしくお願いします。
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